Design and implementation of flood monitoring and warning system based on internet of things

Floods are unavoidable phenomena that can cause massive loss of people's lives and the destruction of infrastructure. Flash floods rise rapidly in a flood-prone area, which results in property damage, but the impact on human lives is somewhat preventable by the presence of monitoring systems. Although there are many systems widely in practice by disaster management agencies in monitoring flood levels, most of these systems are limited in range. For example, some systems implementing the Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) have a maximum distance of 300m from the gateway. However, the maximum distance that LoRaWAN can reach is 1.5km. Then, the study on the parameter that involved in LoRaWAN for the Flood Monitoring and Warning System (FMWS) is limited. Furthermore, in most developing countries, the conventional flood gates in water canals are manually operated and suffer from the lack of real-time monitoring of water levels which might lead to an overflow in the channels and flash floods. On top of that, the lack of real-time data analysis in the system that can be accessed is one of the limitations in Malaysia. Therefore, this research design and implementation multiple LoRa-based smart sensors with a LoRaWAN gateway as a network testbed for monitoring flood levels and evaluating the parameter of LoRaWAN. Then, the LoRaWAN’s activation was compared and analysed to identify the best activation for the FMWS. Lastly, the real-time assessment of the risk due to the flood level has been enabled on the Tago.IO dashboard for triggering an early flood warning. The proposed FMWS with LoRaWAN uses an ultrasonic sensor with an Arduino microcontroller to measure water level, Long-Range (LoRa) as a communication module, and a single gateway. The end nodes have been tested in several scenarios to test the FMWS’s communication performance in terms of Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), Signal Noise Ratio (SNR), delay, and the Percentages of Data Received (PDR). The design of the sensing node involved the hardware and software with the solar panel as the power source. A 3 Dimension (3D) model for the end node was developed for casing the sensing node. The testing area for testing the performance of LoRaWAN is a 2km radius. Throughout the testing, the proposed system communicates up to 2km in single and multiple node cases. On top of that, the multiple nodes have higher overall SNR value compared to the single node where 56% of all result are positive for multiple nodes while the single node exhibit only 50%. In addition, the RSSI and SNR have impact on the PDR. However, the delay inversely perorational with RSSI, SNR and PDR values. The recommended activation for FMWS is Activation By-Personalization, (ABP) since it is over complete control, especially for achieving a high PDR. Lastly, the data on Tago.IO was accessed via webpages and Tago.IO mobile application. In conclusion, the FMWS able to communicate to the gateway at 1.5km distance. However, the higher the SF, the higher the network's performance at long distances. The ABP is the activation that is suitable for the proposed FMWS. Lastly, the warning system will trigger once the water level reaches the warning level

Flood monitoring and warning systems: A brief review

Floods and excessive rainfall are unavoidable phenomena that can cause massive loss of people's lives and destruction of infrastructure. Flash floods rise rapidly in flood-prone areas, resulting in property damage, but the impact on human lives is relatively preventable by the presence of monitoring systems. Although there are many systems widely in practice by disaster management agencies in monitoring flood levels, most of these systems are limited range and sophisticated to be used and maintained. Furthermore, in most developing countries, the conventional flood gates in water canals are manually operated and suffer from the lack of real-time monitoring of water levels, leading to an overflow in the channels and flash floods. On top of that, the lacking accurate data analysis in the system that can be accessed is one of the limitations of the conventional flood monitoring and warning systems (FMWS). Therefore, in this paper, we have explored and reviewed the existing methods of flood monitoring and emphasizing their structure and sensing techniques. We have also classified and compared their advantages and limitations and accordingly suggested new solutions and improvements by utilizing new technologies based on the Internet of Things. This paper introduces a detailed mini-review of sensing methods in the existing flood systems as reported in previous studies to serve as a quick guide to researchers who are engaging in this field. Based on the review, conclusions have been draw

Development of a smart sensing unit for LoRaWAN-based IoT flood monitoring and warning system in catchment areas

This study introduces a novel flood monitoring and warning system (FMWS) that leverages the capabilities of long-range wide area networks (LoRaWAN) to maintain extensive network connectivity, consume minimal power, and utilize low data transmission rates. We developed a new algorithm to measure and monitor flood levels and rate changes effectively. The innovative, cost-effective, and user-friendly FMWS employs an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor with an Arduino microcontroller to measure flood levels and determine their status. Real-time data regarding flood levels and associated risk levels (safe, alert, cautious, or dangerous) are updated on The Things Network and integrated into TagoIO and ThingSpeak IoT platforms through a custom-built LoRaWAN gateway. The solar-powered system functions as a stand-alone beacon, notifying individuals and authorities of changing conditions. Consequently, the proposed LoRaWAN-based FMWS gathers information from catchment areas according to water level risks, triggering early flood warnings and sending them to authorities and residents via the mobile application and multiple web-based dashboards for proactive measures. The system's effectiveness and functionality are demonstrated through real-life implementation. Additionally, we evaluated the performance of the LoRa/LoRaWAN communication interface in terms of RSSI, SNR, PDR, and delay for two spreading factors (SF7 and SF12). The system's design allows for future expansion, enabling simultaneous data reporting from multiple sensor monitoring units to a server via a central gateway as a network

Boleh tolong saya? Meneroka sokongan sosial yang diperlukan oleh wanita bekerjaya bagi meningkatkan kesejahteraan emosi

Peranan wanita yang semakin bertambah memberi kesan kepada perkembangan kekeluargaan masa kini di Malaysia. Ini kerana, wanita hari ini perlu menjalankan peranan seperti lelaki iaitu mencari nafkah untuk menyara keluarga dalam masa yang sama sebagai seorang ibu kepada anak-anak dan isteri kepada suami. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk meneroka sokongan yang diterima dan diperlukan oleh wanita bekerjaya di Selangor. Sebelas informan dari sekitar negeri Selangor telah terlibat dalam kajian ini melalui temu bual mendalam. Soalan temu bual telah dibina secara separa berstruktur. Informan kajian dipilih melalui kaedah persampelan bertujuan. Data telah dianalisis berdasarkan analisis tematik. Hasil kajian mendapati informan memerlukan pelbagai bentuk sokongan iaitu daripada segi emosi, penjagaan anak, informasi, jaringan dan kewangan. Bentuk-bentuk sokongan ini akan dapat meningkatkan kesejahteraan emosi mereka di tempat kerja juga di rumah. Namun, informan dilaporkan hanya menerima sebahagian sahaja sokongan sosial yang diperlukan seperti sokongan penjagaan anak dan jaringan sosial. Kebanyakan informan melaporkan kurang menerima sokongan kewangan daripada suami. Informan mengakui menghadapi tekanan dan kepenatan dalam mengurus rumah tangga dan kerjaya. Namun, ia boleh diringankan jika orang terdekat prihatin dan mengambil peduli. Hasil kajian boleh dijadikan sumber rujukan pihak yang berkaitan untuk membantu wanita bekerjaya meningkatkan kesejahteraan emosi dan mencapai kualiti hidup yang lebih baik

Exploring Predictors of Development and Career Planning Among TVET Educators

Career planning and development a key factor that provides added value to career sustainability. Career development approaches have recently changed due to the fast-paced global change, competitive industry needs, demands, and global education trends. Traditionally, it was the responsibility of an institution to guarantee that its educators possessed the skills necessary to achieve its long-term objectives. Currently, however, educators should be accountable for their career growth. Therefore, a survey was conducted to discover predictors of development and career paling for TVET educators (n = 141). A multiple regression analysis was conducted for all sets of career planning variables such as career aspirations (88.48%), personal aspirations and drive (85.93%), current competency (86.00%), current learning and development opportunities (82.05%), and company support 87.45%) is measured. This study found changes in the predictor, personal aspirations and drive, current competency, current learning and development opportunities, and organization support are significantly associated with changes in career aspiration. The majority of TVET educators are aware and willing to improve their knowledge and skills to meet the standard of current changes in TVET education needs and demands. The finding indicated that a proven technique for meeting organizational and personnel demands includes creating career routes that allow TVET educators to comprehend their options for advancement within the institution and collecting information to assess their abilities for career relevancy and sustainability

Adaville Enterprise : iclap Switch / Izzat Danial Norman ...[et al.]

iClap switch is a basic electronics mini project, made with the help of the basic components. iClap Switch has the ability to turn ON/OFF any electrical component or circuit by the clap sound

Effect of bean sprout on in vitro multiplication of Musa acuminata

Musa acuminata or Pisang Berangan is popular in Kelantan, but due to a lack of knowledge on modern farming technologies, many Musa acuminata are affected by diseases and are of low quality. Plant tissue culture has numerous advantages, including a rapid rate of multiplication, and the prevention of disease. Plant growth regulator such as Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) is commonly used in media to grow banana explants, however, Murashige and Skoog (MS) media production with BAP hormone is expensive for low-income farmers. Therefore, this research had been done by substituting the BAP hormone by using bean sprout extract as an organic supplement for banana culture. The additives that were used in this project were non-centrifuged and centrifuged bean sprout extracts at different concentrations, which were 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% applied in the MS media. Data were collected based on number of leaves, length of leaves and length of roots. In this study, the positive control treatment with MS + 5 mg/L BAP media recorded the highest mean value in the number of leaves, length of leaves, and length of roots with values of 12.5 ± 0.59, 5.69 ± 0.13cm, and 6.45 ± 0.36cm respectively followed by MS media with centrifuged bean sprout extract. From the observation, the bean sprout has the potential to use as an additive for Musa acuminata media to substitute synthetic hormones such as BAP

A Statistical Trend Of The Development Of Android Islamic Apps In Malaysia From 2000 To 2017

This paper presents the statistical trend related to the Android-based Islamic apps published in Malaysia's Google App Store from the year 2000 to 2017. The statistical analysis based on seven point-of-view: 1) category; 2) year; 3) country; 4) price; 5) total download; 6) keyword. This statistical trend analysis aims to give insight for the Android App Developer on the current trend of the Islamic apps published in Malaysia Google App Store

Evaluation of ABP and OTAA in IoT-Based flood monitoring and warning system using LoRaWAN

Rapid development and poor drainage management are the ingredients for flash floods in the city during the heavy raining season. Flash flood refers to the body of water that suddenly exist in an area where primally dry. This event can be detected by Flood Monitoring and Warning System (FMWS) using LoRaWAN. However, there are two types of activation that are offered by LoRaWAN, Activation-By-Personalization (ABP) and Over-The-Air-Activation (OTAA). This paper discusses on the performance of developed FMWS while using both activation and evaluating which activation is suitable for FMWS. To assess the performance of FMWS, an ABP activation is chosen due to it provides full control over the device. For OTTA activation, a test is performed using OTTA activation since it is the most recommended due to its protection features. The LoRaWAN has a great performance-based up to 1.5km and can achieve 100% Percentage Data Received (PDR). The testing shows that the PDR values decrease as the distance communication increase. But the OTAA only limit the performance of FMWS in reliability test. Thus, making the device perform with 89% PDR maximum. In conclusion, OTAA activation is good for setting up the system, and the ABP is chosen for a long-run operation

Dual-role Women in Selangor: Work-family Conflict and its Impact on Emotional Well-being

In this era of urbanization, women have to play roles equal to men especially in making a living to support their families while at the same time, they have to perform their responsibilities as mothers and wives. Subsequently, this situation affects the functioning of families these days. As a result, they are unable to spend enough time with their families due to working overtime or having to take their works home. This article explores work-family conflicts experienced by dual-role women in Selangor and assesses the impacts on their emotional well-being. Eleven (11) informants around Selangor were interviewed thoroughly using semi-structured interview questions. The informants were selected through purposive sampling method. Then, the data were analyzed using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis procedure. Results of the analysis showed that work-family conflict among women in the workplace was triggered by career challenges, lack of family time, and unsupportive spouse. The findings of this study can serve as guidelines and references to improve and upgrade the National Women's Policy. The findings of this study should also be noted by the Department of Labor, Human Resources Division, Training Unit, and others in drafting programs and formulating policies for married female employees